Chorologische phänomene in Wasserpflanzengesellschaften Mitteleuropas

On the basis of three selected examples chorological phenomena in waterplant communities of central, east and southern Europe are represented. Species of the Atlantic-oceanic floral element of the order Juncetalia bulbosi, like Pilularia globulifera, Eleocharis multicaulis and Deschampsia setacea are growing in markedly secondary sites near their eastern border, i.e. in the Lusatian district of central Europe, especially in sand, gravel and clay pits as well as in residue lakes of opencast mines. As a result of intensive recent human activities numerous new sites are being established now causing an expansion of their distribution area. With decreasing oceanity from the central part to the eastern border of the area a change in the floristic-sociological structure of the relevant plant communities and in the hydrochemical composition of the respective water bodies takes place. In western Europe the species grow in soft water poor in minerals, in the eastern part (central Europe) in mineral-rich, hard water with calcium and sulphate.At present Ceratophyllum submersum has a high frequency in the northeastern area in Mecklenburg. The sites are morainic lakes (kettle holes) and small waters and ponds near settlements, which are enriched in minerals and nitrales in consequence of the intensive agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers. Moreover the waters are alkaline and rich in minerals, especially bicarbonate and possess a high range of total hardness. The example of eight different sites of Aldrovanda vesiculosa illustrates a striking change of its diagnostic value in its disjunct north-south distribution. In the northern part of central Europe Aldrovanda is found in the communities of the Utricularietea intermedio-minoris, both in waters with a low acidity rich in sulphate and in alkaline waters rich in bicarbonate (Sphagno-Utricularion and Scorpidio-Utricularion respectively). In southern central Europe and in southeastern Europe Aldrovanda occurs in Lemnetea and Potametea communities. In northeastern Poland Aldrovanda is found together with Hydrilla verticillata, Chara mentosa, Myriophyllum verticillatum and Scorpidium scorpioides.

Die Sippennomenklatur richtet sich nach Rothmaler et al. (1970).     

On Some Nuisance Parameter Free Uniformly Most Powerful Tests

TAKEUCHI (1969) provides a uniformly most powerful (UMP) one side test for testing the location parameter of the two parameters exponential model when the scale parameter is unknown. The power of his similar size α test depends, however, on the unknown scale parameter. In this case and in more general situations when there exists a sufficient statistic for the nuisance parameter, the theory of generalized THOMPSON's distributions, more specifically, the Thompsonization of a test statistic, LAURENT (1959, 1972) provides a UMP test whose power does not depend on the nuisance parameter. Examples of application of the general nuisance parameter free test procedure include here the truncated exponential, the inverse Gaussian, and the geometric distributions.     

川西盆周丘陵地区油菜作物生态效应的初步探讨

名山县位于东经103°08′,北纬30°06′,是四川省商品粮油基地县之一,属川西盆周丘陵地区。年平均气温15.5℃,日照1052.0小时,降雨量1519.9mm,一年两熟,能满足油菜全生育期的需要。全县油菜发展较快,1989年较1983年种植面积扩大了33.91%,达到6000ha;总产增加30.35%,达到5958.1t。     

Stomatal conductance and transpiration of the two faces of Acacia phyllodes

Summary The daily course of stomatal conductance and transpiration was monitored on each separate face of vertical phyllodes of various acacias. The selected phyllodes had a north-south orientation so that one side faced eastwards and the other westwards. The principal measurements were made on Acacia longifolia and A. melanoxylon in Portugal in late summer and autumn, and additional measurements were made on A. ligulata and A. melanoxylon in Australia. In Portugal, irrespective of soil moisture status, conductance showed on early morning maximum with a subsequent gradual decline and sometimes a subsidiary peak in the late afternoon. Maximum conductances appeared to be a function of soil moisture status, whereas the decline in conductance in the late morning and afternoon was correlated with changes in phyllode-to-air vapour pressure deficits rather than changes in phyllode water status. The relationship of transpiration to phyllode water potential did not appear to be influenced by soil moisture status, although transpiration was less in drier soils and in the afternoons, this latter factor contributing to a marked hysteresis in the relationship. The opposing faces of the phyllodes exhibited a high degree of synchrony, showing parallel stomatal opening and closing, despite their large differences in irradiance. Stomatal conductance tended to be higher on the eastern faces in the morning and lower in the afternoon. In A. longifolia the daily average of relative conductance was much the same for both faces, but in A. melanoxylon that of the eastern face was higher and was retained even when the normal orientation of the phyllodes was reversed by turning them through 180°. Synchrony must be achieved by the stomata of both sides responding to common environmental or endogenous signals which are perceived by both surfaces with equal sensitivity.     

Microrépartition des populations de truite commune (Salmo trutta L.) de juvenile de saumon atlantique (Salmo salar L.) et des autres espès préntes dans la partie haute du Scorff (Bretagne)

Resume Une étude de la microrártition de la population de truite commune (Salmo trutta L.) et du juvénile de Saumon atlantique (Salmo salar L.) associée aux autres espès préntes est effectuée en fin d'été dans la partie amont du Scorff (distance source-estuaire 65 km).La population de saumon est composée uniquement d'individus d'âge 0⁺ alors que les truites ont entre 0⁺ et 3⁺ ans avec une majorité pour la classe d'âge des 1⁺ an. La densité de saumon augmente avec la vitesse de courant (r = 0,99) et la taille de la granulométrie du substrat. Un habitat trés favorable à l'espèce se caractérise par une faible profondeur (> 23 cm), une vitesse de courant élevée (61 cm/ s) et un substrat caillouteux. 75,4% de la population est recensée en plein courant.L'effet rive, est particulièrement important pour la truite quelque soit son âge (80,1%). L'absence de la truite 0⁺ du faciés à courant élevé et sa localisation près des berges dans les zones courantes (41 cm/ s) peu profondes entraînent une ségrégation spatiale avec le saumon de même âge. La truite d'au moins un an est présente dans des milieux plus profonds (27 cm) à vitesse de courant nulle à moyenne (< 28 cm/ s). L'effet rive est renforcée par la présence de nombreux courants en berge.Parmi les espéces d'accompagnement, le chabot a la distribution la plus large. La loche et la lamproie de Planer sont les espéces les plus abondantes et ont des densités très élevées dans des secteurs caractéristiques.L'ensemble de ces résultats est discuté en liaison avec les premières observations concernant la distribution de ces espèces sur le cours principal du Scorff.

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We describe the microdistribution of populations of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.) and of juvenile atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the upstream part of the Scorff river (Brittany) at the end of summer.The Salmon population was composed of one age classe (0⁺) only while Trout age varied from 0⁺ to 3⁺ years, with a majority in age class 1⁺. Salmon density increased with current velocity (r = 0.99) and the nature of the substratum. A very favorable habitat for this species was characterized by reduced depth (< 23 cm), a high current velocity (61 cm s ¹) and a stony substrate. The largest part of the population (74%) was localized in the centre of the running open water.A bank effect was particularly important for brown trout, irrespective of age (80.1%). The trout 0⁺ is absent from shallow rifles and its presence in the few deep running water areas (41 cm s^–1) along the banks involved a spatial segregation with salmon 0⁺. The trout of one year and older were localized in deeper habitats (27 cm) with zero to medium current velocity (< 28 cm s^–1). The bank effect was intensified by the presence of many overhangs along the bank.Among the secondary species, sculpin had the widest distribution, but Stone-loach and brook lamprey were the most abundant species and reached high densities in characteristic areas.

     

Deanol Affects Choline Metabolism in Peripheral Tissues of Mice

Abstract: The enzymatic hydrolysis of UDP-galactose in rat and calf brain was studied. The hydrolysis occurs in two steps: The first is the conversion of UDP-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate catalyzed by nucleotide pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.9), and the second is the conversion of the latter to free galactose by alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). The overall conversion has a pH optimum of 9.0, but there is considerable activity at pH 7.4, which is the optimum for UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase in the synthesis of cerebrosides. Preparations from cytosol from calf brain cerebellum or stem that were enriched in UDP-galactose hydrolytic activity inhibit cerebroside synthesis under conditions optimal for the synthesis. Microsome-rich and nuclear debris fractions contain the highest apparent specific activity among the subcellular fractions studied. Hydrolysis of UDP-galactose occurs in all areas of brain, brainstem having the highest activity. The apparent specific activity in jimpy mouse brain homogenate is nearly twice as high as in the control brain homogenate.     

Comparison of phosphorus distribution and cycling between adjacent native semidesert shrub and cultivated grass-dominated ecosystems

Summary P concentrations at several soil profile depths and for various plant parts were monitored over most of one year in adjacent native semidesert shrub and cultivated crested wheatgrass ecosystems. When multiplied by appropriate soil bulk densities and phytomass values, it was possible to calculate P mineralomasses in these two ecotessera. Knowledge of new to old growth ratios allowed estimation of P turnover. Although there was greater P in the vegetation of the native stand, the tissues lived longer and decomposed less rapidly than those in the grass stand that has been established in a portion of the original shrub dominated semidesert. The grass stand showed higher net primary productivity and had a much higher fraction of phytomass that is consumable by livestock. There was thus, at least a five-fold greater turnover of P in the tilled and seeded system. The introduced grasses are also withdrewing more P from the soil reserves. Whether nutrient export from the systems could lead to long-term declines in productivity will require further monitoring and experimental effort.     

Emergence of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from a small forested stream in Ontario

Three species of blackflies were found in emergence-trap samples taken overa period of 8 months from a second-order, forested, cold-stenothermal stream in southern Ontario. The emergence phenologies of the two common species, Prosimulium mixtum and Stegopterna mutata, are described and compared with their phenologies in other streams in North America. Hypotheses are presented for the poor faunal diversity and prolonged emergence of the two species in the stream studied. Emergence data are used to describe the pupal distribution in the stream.Wing-length measurements showed a distinct dimorphism in P. mixtum: females were larger than males. Adult size (except of P. mixtum females) varied among sampling sites in the stream and, in the case of S. mutata, this variation was time dependent.     

Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Tissue Distribution and Cellular Localization in Mice: Implications for Its Biological Functions

Earlier studies have suggested that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has a wide tissue distribution in mammals. However, detailed information on its cellular localization and also the levels of expression in various tissues is still scarce. In the present study, we sought to determine the cellular localization of IDO and also to quantify the level of its expression in various mouse tissues by using the branched DNA signal amplification assay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining. The highest levels of constitutive IDO expression were found to be selectively present in the caput of epididymis, except for its initial segment. IDO expression was also detected inside the luminal compartment and even in the stereocilia within this region. In the prostate, high levels of IDO were selectively expressed in the capsular cells. In addition, high levels of IDO expression were also selectively detected in certain types of cells in the placenta, spleen, thymus, lung, and digestive tract. Notably, the morphological features of most of the positively stained cells in these organs closely resembled those of antigen-presenting cells. Based on the tissue distribution and cellular localization characteristics of IDO, it is hypothesized that its expression may serve two main functions: one is to deplete tryptophan in an enclosed microenvironment (such as in the epididymal duct lumen) to prevent bacterial or viral infection, and the other is to produce bioactive tryptophan catabolites that would serve to suppress T-cell–mediated immune responses against self-antigens, fetal antigens, or allogeneic antigens, in different situations. (J Histochem Cytochem 58:17–28, 2010)